论文格式标准范文带英文第1篇
1，求职信首先要标明信息来源，说明自己的写作意图，然后介绍自己的工作经历，学习经历，以及自己对该职业的看法和规划等，并证明自己能够胜任该职位。
2，投诉信主要写明自己投诉的原因，并展开论述该问题的具体情况和对自己造成的损失，最后表达对上述问题需要及时得到解决的强烈愿望。
3，邀请信开篇表明写作意图，向某人发出邀请。然后说明邀请的具体原因，邀请的内容。最后表明强烈的期盼，并希望尽快得到答复。
4，订购信开篇点出写信的目的，定购你要的东西。接着详细说明你订购货物的规格、大小、颜色、尺寸等。最后表示对方回函以便确认。
5.询问信首先明确写信的目的，说明写这封信的目的`是寻求某信息或帮助。然后询问具体问题，强调所需信息的重要性。最后表达获取信息的强烈愿望，提供联系方式以便收信人与你联系，并对有关人员表示感谢。
同学们在写小作文的时候还要注意简化描述语言。用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。在作文完成的时候，应该检查、修改，以免遗漏一些需要表达清楚的要点和细节。
Somepeoplethinkthatthebestwaytoadvisepeopleissimplytofindwhattheywantandhelpthemattainit?inmyview,thismethodisgenerallynotthebestwaytoproceedinadvisingothers;itignorestheplaintruththatmanypeopledonotknowwhattheywantanddonotknowwhatisbestforthem.
mymainreasonforrejectingthistechniqueisthatpeopleveryrarelyhaveanyclearideaofwhattheywant.thisappliesnotonlytoconsumeritemssuchasclothing,carsandluxuryitemsbutalsotowhattheywantoutoflifeingeneral.infact,numerousstudieshaveshownthatmostpeoplecannotlistthetenthingstheywantmostoutoflife,evenifgivenconsiderabletimetothinkaboutit.
mysecondreasonforrejectingthismethodisthatmoreoftenthannotwhatpeoplewantisnotwhatisbestforthem.parentscontinuallyfacethisproblemwhenadvisingtheirchildren.Forexample,supposeachildwantstoquitschoolandgetajob.Surely,theparentswouldbederelictinhelpingtheirchildattainthiswantinsteadofconvincingthechildthatcontinuingeducationwouldbeinhisorherbestinterest.
admittedly,followingtheproposedadvisingmethodwouldresultinahighrateofcompliance,sincethepersonbeingadvisedwouldactconsistentlywithhisorherownwillbyfollowingtheadvice.However,asnotedabove,actingaccordingtowhatonewantsisnotnecessarilydesirable.proponentsofthismethodmightalsopointtocollegecounselorsasmodelsofthistechnique.However,collegecounselorsshouldnotnecessarilybeheldupasmodelsforadvisingpeoplegenerally,letaloneasmodelsforadvisingstudents.
论文格式标准范文带英文第2篇
英文论文引用格式
英文法学论文的文献引用格式是怎么样的?一篇法学学术论文往往在在大量文献引用和逻辑分析基础上得出的研究成果，下面一起看看吧!
引用规范包括两个要求：一是对于参考借鉴必须注明出处，二是引用形式要统一
1.参考借鉴必须注明出处
无论是中文还是英文论文的写作，引用的功能是完全一致的，主要包括三个方面：(1)帮助读者识别和调用相关文献资源：Helpreadersidentifyandrelocatethesourcework。
(2)证明论文的观点是经过充分研究得出的;provideevidencethatthepositioniswell-researched。
此外，在阅读一些论文的时候，我们经常看到一个引用泛化的现象，就是引用没有体现上述功能。
例如，将学界通识引用为个别知名教授的观点，将一些基本事实、常识引用为个别文章的成果，等等。
2.引用形式要统一
引用形式要统一，是指引用的格式必须按照标准化的要求做到全文统一，并遵循有关要求。
在英文论文写作中，引用的格式有多种参考标准。
在GoogleScholar检索中自动生成的Citation形式里面，就有mLa、apa和GB/t7714三种可选，其中第三个是中国国家标准化管理委员会发布的国家标准《文后参考文献著录规则》，在国内高校的毕业论文引用规范和理工科学术期刊中采用较多。
此外，国际标准化组织(iSo)还发布了文献引用格式的国际标准iSo690:(informationanddocumentation--Guidelinesforbibliographicreferencesandcitationstoinformationresources)，致力于推动文献引用格式的国际协调一致。
文献引用格式的标准化，有利于促进文献数据的信息化处理，进而服务于学术影响力评价等诸多方面。
目前，各种类型文献引用规范都是推荐性的。
各个研究机构、学术期刊往往会根据本领域文献的特征，选择其中一种或者自创一种格式作为采用格式。
在法学论文引用格式中，以《哈佛法律评论》等为主的期刊联盟就自行制定了文献引用体系的蓝皮书，也即theBluebook，该引用格式目前是英文世界法学文献的主流引用格式。
此外，apa、martin也被诸多法学研究机构和学术期刊采用，故此，本文就分别介绍一下theBluebook、apa、martin的基本情况。
1、theBluebook文献引用格式
theBluebook的英文全称为theBluebook:aUniformSystemofCitation，中文全称为《蓝皮书：统一注释体系》。
在使用过程中，一般直接称为蓝皮书(theBluebook)，它是一本在美国使用最为广泛的法律引用指南。
蓝皮书是由《哈佛法律评论》、《哥伦比亚法律评论》、《宾夕法尼亚法律评论》、《耶鲁法律评论》的编委会共同参与编写。
蓝皮书第一版出版于1926年，现在已经出到了第二十版。
蓝皮书是美国绝大多数法学院进行引用时参考的指南，也是美国绝大多数联邦法院使用的引用格式。
当然，美国最高法院有自己的引用格式，每个州在自己的法院系统里也只遵守自己制定的引用格式。
theBluebook全书共计560页，详细的列举了各类文献的引用形式。
在书中，你可以看到中文文献的英文引用方式，也可以看到同一本文献的多种引用形式。
论文格式标准范文带英文第3篇
英语论文格式模板2017
英语论文格式模板是怎样的呢?撰写一篇优秀的毕业论文，除了细心严谨之外，还要了解论文格式。下面是我分享的英语论文格式模板，欢迎阅读!
英文论文格式均以美国土木工程师协会出版社发布的标准格式为准。
英语论文用激光打印机打印，打印稿为黑白稿，彩色打印件会影响出版效果。版心：a4纸，上、下页边距cm，左、右页边距均为mm。论文内容宽不得超过，长不得超过。
行距：单倍行距。
页码：论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字，位于页面下方居中。
文体：文章应语法正确，技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长，请采用title:subtitle的形式。
数学公式：文中的数学公式不得手写，必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用，应该编号。公式之间，公式和正文之间都应该空一行。单位：文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内，单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standardpracticeforuseoftheinternationalsystemofunits)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献，如anmcmetriceditorialguide，5thed，1992可向美国国家公制协会索取(americannationalmetriccouncil，1735n.lynnstreet，suite950，arlington，va22209-2022)
图表：
标题说明和图例：插入的图表应该以出现顺序编号(figure1，figure2，table1，table2)。图的说明和标题，包括图的序号应该位于图的下方。表的说明和标题，包括表的序号应该位于表格上方。
位置：图可以插入到正文中，或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图，尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式，可选择上下环绕方式。
底纹：插图中不要选择带阴影或底纹，否则会影响印刷效果。
照片：如果文中需要附上照片，在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片，标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印，请不要提供彩色照片，以免影响印刷效果。
扫描图：印刷后的扫描图不如原件清晰。如果文中有扫描图，请提供灰色色标扫描图。
论文格式标准范文带英文第4篇
abstract
Businessnegotiationsunderdifferentculturalconditionsareculturalnegotiations.withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalizationandfrequentbusinesscontacts,culturaldifferenceshavebecomeveryimportant.iftheyareneglected,theycouldcauseunnecessarymisunderstanding,orevenunderminetheresultofbusinessnegations.therefore,itisofgreatsignificancetoknowdifferentculturesofdifferentcountriesaswellaswaystoavoidculturalconflictsinthecontextofinternationalbusinessnegotiations.thepaperbeginswiththedefinitionofculture,analyzesthecausesofculturaldifferencesandexplainstheimpactofculturaldifferencesoninternationalbusinessnegotiationsfromthreeperspectivesofcommunicationprocess,negotiationstyleandvaluesconcept.Finally,itanalyzeseffectivewaystodealwiththeproblemarisingfromculturaldifferencesinthenegotiationprocess.thepaperstressesthatinbusinessnegotiationsbetweendifferentcountriesnegotiatorsshouldaccepttheotherpartysculture,trytomakehimbeacceptedandmakeacorrectevaluationwithhelpofeffectivecommunications.inaword,forsuccessfulculturalnegotiations,culturaldifferencesneedtobeperceived,acceptedandmostimportantlyplayeddown.
Keywords:cultureculturaldifferencebusinessnegotiationimpact
Contents
1.Culturaldifference…….………..……...…………………………...…......4
thedefinitionofculture……………………………………..............….....4
thecausesofculturaldifferences……………………………..………......4
Geographicaldifferences………………………..………………....….....4
ethnicdifferences…………………………..………………....................4
politicaldifferences…………………………..………….………….…...4
economicdifferences…………………………………..….……….…....4
Religiousdifferences……………………………………..………….......4
theconceptofdifference…………………………………...……….......5
importanceofinternationalbusinessnegotiationsonCulturaldifferences…………………………………………………………….…..5
2.Culturaldifferencesontheimpactofinternationalbusinessnegotiations…………………………………………………..………...........5
Communicationprocess……………………………...…...……...…....…..5
negotiatingstyle…………………...…..……..……………...……….…...8
Values………………...…………....….……..…………………….......…..8
ethics………………………………………..……..………………...…..8
Sense………………………..……………………………..……….…....8
ConceptofCollective…………………………………………………....8
Conceptoftime……………………………………………………….....8
3.Howtodealwithinternationalbusinessnegotiationsandculturaldifferences……………………..…………………………………………........9
tolearnmoreabouttheformerinthenegotiationsoftheculturaldifferencesthatmayarise………...…………………..……………….…..9
inthenegotiationsnecessarytocorrectlyhandletheculturaldifferences………………………………………………………………...9
negotiationstodoagoodjoboffollow-upfortheexchangeofculturaldifferences…………...…………………………………………......……10
4.References…………………...………….………………………….……....11
Businessnegotiationininterpersonalrelationshipsasaspecialform,relatetodifferentgeographical,ethnic,socialandculturalexchangesandcontacts,whichhavetakenplaceincross-culturalnegotiations.incross-culturalnegotiations,thedifferentgeographical,ethnic,culturaldifferenceswillaffectthethinkingofthosenegotiations,thenegotiationstyleandbehavior,thusaffectingtheentirenegotiationprocess.therefore,toengageinbusinessactivities,especiallyforthecross-borderbusinessactivitiesmustunderstandandmasterthelinksbetweendifferentculturesanddifferences.Conductingnegotiationswiththeorganization,alsohavetounderstandthatculturaldifferencesimpactonthenegotiations,onlythefaceofsuchapositiveimpactonthedesiredobjectivescanbeachieved.
1.Culturaldifferences
thedefinitionofculture
nationalcultureisacountry-specificconceptsandvaluesystems,whichconstitutetheconceptofpeopleslivesandworkbehavior.thenationsoftheworldasaresultofspecifichistoricalandgeographicalandgraduallyformeditsownuniqueculturaltraditionsandculturalpatterns.asthedifferenceofChineseandwesterntraditionalcustoms,values,religiousbeliefs,differentwaysofthinking,etc,makingthedifferentperformanceofChineseandwesterncultures.
thecausesofculturaldifferences
Culturaldiversitycausedbymanyreasons,tosumup,themainsourceofculturaldifferencesareinthefollowingareas:
geographicaldifferences
Referstothegeographicaldifferencesindifferentgeographicregionsduetothegeographicalenvironment,thelevelofeconomicdevelopmentandtraditionaldifferencesinhabits,peopleoftenhavedifferentlanguage,lifestyleandhobbies.andthesewillaffecttheirbehavior.Forexample,thewestandtheamericanpeopleinsomecountriestreatChristmasimportant,butinareassuchasneartheequatordonothavesnowalltheyearround,thepeopleofsomeafricancountriesmaynothavetheconceptofChristmasbecausethebestmodifiedChristmasissnow,astothepeopleintheregionthatarenotlong-termsnow,thereislittleconcentrationofChristmasthanamericanStates.
nationaldifferences
ethnicdifferencesisthedifferentethnicgroupsinthedevelopmentoflong-termprocess,theformationoftheirownlanguage,customsandpreferences,habits.theirdiet,clothing,accommodation,festivalsandrituals,suchasmaterialandculturallifeoftheirowncharacteristics.takethehistoryofourcountryandourHunHan,theXiongnupeoplearevaliant,characteristicsoftypicalnomads.andwetametheHancharacter,thetypicalcharacteristicsoffarmingnation.whichledtotheHunsinthediet,clothing,accommodation,festivalsandrituals,suchasmaterialandculturallifearedifferentwithHan.
thepoliticaldifferences
politicaldifferencesareduetothepoliticalsystemandthepoliciesandregulationsonpeoplesbehaviorwiththeroleofastandardized,sothatallpeoplesinthepoliticalaspectsontheconceptoftheexistencearedifferences.taketheUnitedStatesandFranceasexample,theUnitedStatesbytheConstitutionthepowersofthepresidentofthesevererestrictionsonthetwomajorpowerswithotherinstitutionsofCongressandtheSupremeCourtofstrongconstraints.whileFrancealsohadtosetwasreadytoroyalistrestorationofthemonarchyofthethirdRepublictoamendtheConstitutionalittlefurtherexpandthepowersofthepresident.
economicdisparities
economicdifferencesareresultoftheeconomicfactorsofareflectionofculturaldifferences.Forexample,thepeopleinthewesterndevelopedcountriesarerichlivesandhighlevelofeducation,peoplewillpaymoreattentiontothequalityoflife,securitymeansmoregenerally.andeconomicbackwardnessofthethirdworld,peoplecaremoreaboutfoodandclothing.
religiousdifferences
Religionisthedevelopmentofhumansocietytoacertainstageofhistoricalphenomenon,Religionhasitsown(Catholic)majorepidemicinwesterneuropeandSouthamerican;islamisthescopeofthewholeofthemiddleeastandnorthafrica.Buddhismismoreprevalentinasiancountries.theworldhasthreemajorreligions:Christianity,Buddhismandislam.Christian(protestant)ismajorepidemicinnortherneurope,northamericaandaustralia;peopleinmanypartsofasiabelieveinBuddhist.Differentreligionshavedifferentculturaltendenciesandprecepts,whichaffectthewayofpeopleunderstandthings,codesofconductandvalues.
theconceptofValuesdifference
Valuesaremeansofobjectiveevaluationcriteriaofthings.itincludestheconceptoftime,wealth,theattitudetowardslife,theattitudetoriskandsoon.Differentsocieties’peopletothesamethingsandproblemswillcometodifferentandevenoppositeconclusions.
Geographicaldifferences,ethnicdifferences,politicaldifferences,economicdifferences,religiousdifferencesanddifferencesinconceptshavetheimpactonpeoplespenetrationinthefood,clothing,accommodation,festivalsandrituals,suchasmaterialandculturallifeinallitsaspects.thusaffectingpeoplesbehavior,values,religiousbeliefsandmodesofthoughthavealotofdifference,Finallyhasformedthevariouscountriesandareasofculturaldifferences.
culturaldifferencesontheimportanceofinternationalbusinessnegotiations
practiceinthenegotiations,manynegotiatorsoftendonotunderstand,ortooknoteoftheculturalimportanceofthesignificantimpactonnegotiations.negotiatingpartiesforforeignculture,somenegotiatorsmayhavenoticedsomeoftheothernegotiations,“different”or“hardtounderstand”theconcretemanifestationofnegotiations,butthatisnotimportant.Somepeopleblindlybelievethatnegotiationistheuseofforeign-relatedfactsandfigurestospeak,andthefactsanddataarecommon.Similarly,someforeigncountries’negotiatorstonegotiationswitheachothertomaintainharmoniousrelations,theywillnoticethesimilaritiesbetweenbothcultures,whileignoringtheirdifferences.Letslookatanexample.
in1992,negotiatorsfromChinaandother12expertsofdifferentprofessionstoformadelegationtotheUnitedStatespurchasesabout30million.dollarsofchemicalequipmentandtechnology.theUSnaturallydoeseverythingpossibletosatisfythem.oneofthemisnegotiationsinthefirstroundofthedelegationsenttoeachofthemasmallsouvenir.theSouvenirspackagingisveryparticularisabeautifulredbox,redforadvanced.Butwhenthedelegationwaspleasedtoopentheboxwhenface-to-faceinaccordancewiththeamericans,everyonesfaceappearsverynotthenatureactually--thereisagolfcap,butthecolorisgreen.americanbusinessmansintentionis:aftersigningthecontract,andeveryonetoplaygolf.Buttheydon’tknowthe“beacuckold”isthebiggesttabooinChinesemen.Finallythedelegationdidnotsignthecontract,notbecausetheamericans“insult”people,butbecausetheyworkcareless,andevendon’tknowthecommonsensethatChinesementaboo“beacuckold”.Howcanwefeelfreetotensofmillionsofdollarsprojecttothem?itcanbeseenthatthefailureoftheamericansnegotiationisduetotheydonotunderstandtheChineseculture.
Fromtheaboveexamples,wecanlearninbusinessnegotiations,ifwedonotattachimportancetoeachothersculturaldifferences,thenegotiationsarelikelytoleadtofailure.
2.Culturaldifferencesontheimpactofinternationalbusinessnegotiations
theimpactofcultureonnegotiationsisextensiveandprofound,anddifferentcultureswillnaturallydividedpeopleintodifferentgroups,thisregion,thedifferencebetweentheirrespectivegroupsarebringingpeopleofdifferentculturalgroupstendtoalienateeachother;ontheotherhand,differentculturalcommunicationandexchangesbetweenpeoplearealsoobstacles.therefore,therequirementsofthenegotiatorstoaccepteachothersculture,butalsobyculturaldifferences,unmistakablyrevealsthatthepurposeofunderstandingofeachothersbehavior,andtheyhavebeenacceptedbytheotherparty,andultimatelyreachaconsensusagreement.
overall,theimpactonculturenegotiationsareinfollowingseveralaspects:
thecommunicationprocess
Culturaldifferencesonthecommunicationprocessofthenegotiations,firstofallistheperformanceofthecommunicationlanguageinthenegotiationprocess.Languageisabridgeofanycountry,anyregionandanynation.Statescompanies,individualstoconductbusinessnegotiations,wemustfirsthavethelanguagetothis.thedifferenceslanguageofinternationalbusinessactivitiesisthemostdirectandclear.SuchasChinas“whiteelephant”brandbatteries,totheenglish“whiteelephant”itwouldcausebadassociations.
Becausethe“whiteelephant”inadditiontothenameofanimalsthathavetwomeanings:“theownerdidnotuse,butmaybeusefultoothers;donotreusethings.”Solvethelanguageproblemisverysimple,youcanhireatranslatororuseacommonthirdlanguagetotalk.whilethenegotiatorsofthelanguageusedinavarietyofcultureswithhigherfitness,butnomatterwhat,thedifferenceisobvious.SuchasJapan,BrazilandFranceCulture,theJapanesestyleofbusinesscommunicationisthemostpolite,morepositivecommitmenttotheuseofrecommendedandguarantees,andlessuseofthreats,commandsandwarningsoffreedomofspeech,theirmannersofspeechstyle,themostprominentisthattheydonotoftenuse“no”,“you”andfacialgaze,buttomaintainaperiodofsilence;Brazilianbusinessmentouse“no”and“you”atthehigherfrequency,theirnegotiationstyleseemsmorepresumptuous,anditseemsnotlonelyinthenegotiations,togazeateachotherandtoucheachotherfromtimetotime;Frenchbusinessmennegotiatingstyleisallthemostpresumptuous,inparticular,theiruseofthreatsandwarningsatthehighestfrequency,inaddition,theyarestillveryfrequentuseofinterrupted,facialgaze,aswellas“no”and“you”.itcanbeseen,onlytoclarifythesedifferencesthatcanavoidthereticentJapanese,BrazilianoverenthusiasmortheFrench’smisunderstandingofthethreat,whichachievedthesuccessofinternationalbusinessnegotiations.
Culturaldifferencesimpactonthenegotiationprocessnotonlyintheprocessoflanguagecommunication,butalsointheprocessofnon-verbalcommunication.Culturaldifferenceswillleadtodifferentcountriesorregionsinthebodylanguageofnegotiations,theuseofactionlanguagesignificantlydifferent,oreventhesamelanguageofactionisdiametricallyopposedtothetransferofinformation.Forexample,thevastmajorityofcountriesareinfavorofnodhisheadforagree.Butinindia,nepalandothercountriesthatarecertainlyshakinghishead,thatis,shakinghisheadandsmiling,thatispositivemeaning,somepeoplejustdoitdiagonallyontheriseisstillagoodway,somepeopleareapopulationfrequencysaid“Youareright!Youareright!”butacontinuouslyshakinghishead,oftenmakeothersdonotknowitstruepsychologicalandfullofdoubt.Butnegotiatorsshape,movement,language,awarenessanduseofthedifferences,alsocreateanobstacleforthenegotiationsincommunication.
Culturaldifferencesalsocanleadtothenegotiatorsofthedifferencesincommunication.peopleofdifferentcultureshavetheirpreferencesandhabitsofcommunicationandcross-culturalnegotiationsinthenegotiatingpartiesoftenbelongtodifferentcultures,havetheirowncustomarymeansofcommunication.accustomedtodifferentmeansofcommunicationbetweenthepartiestoconductamoredepthincommunication,oftencauseawiderangeofissues.Fromcountrieswithahighcultureofthenegotiatorsandthosefromcountrieswithlowcultureofthenegotiatorsmaybeindifferentwaysofexpressionduringthenegotiationprocess.Fromcountrieswithahighcultureofthenegotiatorsmaybechoseneuphemism,indirectwaystoexpresstheirmeaning.whilefromlowcultureofthenegotiatorspreferenceforusingoralexpressiontonegotiate,directorreceiveaclearmessage,straightforwardmeanstoexpressthemselves.thesetwonegotiatorsfromdifferentculturesduringthenegotiations,thepartythinktheothersideisoftentoorough,whiletheothermaythinkthattheothersidelackofgoodfaithinnegotiations,ormisunderstandingthesilenceofeachothersconditionsforitsapproval.
thenegotiationstyle
thenegotiationstyleisthemainbearingandtheattitudewhichdisplaysinthenegotiationsactivities.thestyleofnegotiationsinthecourseofnegotiators’behavior,conductandcontrolofthenegotiationprocessofthemethodandmeans.negotiatorsnegotiationsStylewithadeepculturalstigma.CulturenotonlydeterminestheethicsCodeofethicsfornegotiators,butalsoaffectsthewayofthinkingnegotiators’behaviorandpersonality,sothatmakethenegotiatorsofdifferentculturalbackgroundsformaverydifferentstyleofnegotiation.negotiatingstyleofthenegotiationprocessforthenegotiationsbetweenthetwosidesapproachtherelationship,contacts,andeventhestructureofthenegotiationshasadirectimpact.
adheretoculturaldifferences,negotiatingstylescanbedividedintotwotypes:thenegotiationstyleoforientalandwesternstylenegotiations.orientalstyleisbasedonnegotiationsasthebackgroundoforientalcultureofasiancountriesnegotiationstyles,withJapan,SouthKoreaforatypicalrepresentative:
Japanesebusinessmenareconservative,attentiontostatus-oriented,creditandtheinitialcooperation,co-dependentrelationshipbetweenstressandgoodatnegotiating.Japaneseattachedgreatimportancetothenegotiationsinthetransactiontoestablishharmoniousinterpersonalrelationships.iftherehadbeencontactswithJapanese,beforethenegotiationsshouldberecallthepastexchangesandfriendshipbetweenthetwosides,whichwillbebeneficialtothenextnegotiations.theydidnotsupportandhabitthedirect,purelycommercialactivities.ifitisthefirsttimetoestablishtraderelationswithJapanese,thepartyresponsibleforhigherstatusinchargevisitsinoppositepartyenterpriseatthesamelevelstatuspersoninchargeisextremelyimportant,itattachedgreatimportancetoJapanesecompaniesandthetradingrelationshipwithyou.whennegotiationswithJapan,it’sthebesttosendstaffrankandstatusathigh-levelthantheotherside.thiswillfacilitatetheconductofthetalks.itshouldalsobenotedthatJapanesewomensstatusinsocietyislower,generallytheynotallowedtoparticipateintheoperationandmanagementoflargecompaniesactivities,theJapanesearealsoinanumberofimportantoccasionsofnon-female.therefore,whenencounteredformalnegotiationsgenerallynotappropriatetoallowwomentoparticipatein,orelsetheymaybeskeptical,andevenexpresseddissatisfaction.
Koreancharacterstubborn,oftenstucktotheirownviewsinthenegotiationsandwillnoteasilycompromise.inthiscasewemustgraspthestrategy,itisnecessarytoadheretoargue,butalsocommonsensetomasteracertainsenseofpropriety,andsometimesalsoneedtobepatient.ontheotherhand,SouthKoreainthenegotiationsseldomtoexpresstheviewsdirectly,oftenneedtheothersidetotrytofigureout,inordertoaccuratelyunderstandthemeaningofeachother,SouthKoreamayaskthesamequestionrepeatedly,sothatwhenmakingdecisionstoensurethecorrectness.andSouthKoreasignedacontractdoesnotmeanthattheirsuccesswillnotbechanged,forotherreasonstheywouldseektoamendorre-startnegotiationswithyou.
western-typestyleofnegotiationisbasedonwesterncultureofeuropeandtheUnitedStatesasthebackgroundstyleofnegotiations.themainrepresentativesaretheUnitedStatesandUnitedKingdom.
americansoftentalkabout“BusinessisBusiness”(businesstothebusiness)meansdoingbusinessneedtonotrecognizeonesownclosestrelatives,insistontheprincipleofthingsnotforpeople.“timeismoney”,“moneyiseverything”istheunswervingcredoofamerican.theirbusinessactivitiesisoftenstraightforward,beanxiousforsuccess,businesscamestraighttothepoint,theyalwayspickingupthephonetotalk,sitdownandgetstraighttothepoint,theycalculatetheprogressbythehourandthenumberofdays,theiropponentsoftenfeelpressurefromthem.americanbusinessmendonotliketheuseanagentorparticipateinnegotiationswiththeconsultant,giveotherstheimpressionthattheycansayonbehalfofthecompany.theyliketositdowntodobusinessimmediately.inaddition,theUnitedStatesbusinessmenattachedgreatimportancetoeconomicbenefits,theyhaveaslangcalled:“BangforBuck”,thatis,withminimumcapitalinvestmenttoobtainthegreatestbenefit.
Britishmerchantsengagedincommercialactivitiespaymoreattentiontoinformaltradersthanothercountriesintheworld,butalsomoreconservative.eventoday,theworldhasenteredtheelectronicinformationage,intheUKbytelephonetotalkaboutbusinessisunacceptable.Britishbusinessmenaremorewillingtomakefullpreparationsinadvance,andthenface-to-facetalks.aslongastheydonotbelievethatthedetailsofasettlementwillnotsolve,theywillneversign,allmusthavetodoasrule.asaresultoftheBritishverygreatimportancetotheposition,thetitleisalsoveryimportanttothem.therefore,theselectionstatusofthepersonasabrokerofhighlyinfluentialbusiness,politicalforcesandtheroleoftradeunionsinthebusinessalsocannotbeneglected.
ofcourse,italsomustpayattentiontotheactualnegotiationsprocess,althoughthesameculturalbackgroundofthenegotiators,thetalkstherewasacleardifference,butsubjecttosub-culture,aswellasotherfactors,thesameculturalbackgroundofindividualnegotiators,thenegotiationsstylecanbeverydifferent.
Culturalvalues
Culturalvaluesismeasuretheconsequencesofpeoplesbehaviorandstandards.theyaffectingthewayofpeopleunderstandingtheproblemsandwillgiverisetoastrongemotionalimpact.indifferentcultures,valueswillbeverydifferent.Cultureinaveryappropriatebehaviorinanotherculturemaybeseenasimmoral.Forexample,americansbelievethatnepotismisimmoral,howeveritasanobligationatthemajorityofLatinamericanculture.therefore,theUnderstandingofacertainsocietyinpopularaswellastheseideasinthepersonalbehaviorthedegreewhichrespectsisveryimportant.ourdiscussionsherewillfocusonthoseactivitiesisessentialtounderstandthesocio-economicvalues,morespecifically,istheseforpromotethecross-culturalcommunicativecompetenceandthevaluesisworthnoting.
ethics
Chinahasheavierethics.“acquaintance”and“relationship”hasitsownspecialmeaningandsignificance,oncetherelationshavebeenestablished,thetwosideshavebecomeacquaintancesorfriends,andgenerousconcessionstohelpthesituationappear,andthedegreeoftrustandtolerancewillbeimproved,sotheChinesepeoplehavemoreoralagreement.americansisnotthecase,theydonotpayattentiontocultivatingthefeelingsofbothsides,andattemptstoseparatebusinessandfriendship.todealwiththeproblem,oftenusedthelegalmeans,lawyerscomeforwardtosolvetheproblemiscommon,itisflexibleandnotrigid,weshouldclearlyrecognizethispoint.However,oncesignthecontract,theyareverymuchfocusedonthelegalcontract,theperformanceofthecontractishigher.theChinesedelegationtothewest,maybealongtimenoonecouldentertain,andthismisunderstandingofthepeoplearenotinterestedintheirvisit;europeanscometoChina,nomatterwhattheydomayfindthattherearepeoplewhoaccompanied,andthismisunderstandingofthepeoplelackoftrustinthem.offoreignvisitors,aseniorcaretoomuch,nottomentiondinner,oftenmistakenlybelievethatthisexpressedhiscompanysproductsorhaveapreference,thisinfactistheChinesehospitality,thiscanleadtosubsequentdisappointment,andevencomplain.
awareness
inthecourseoftheChineseandwesternculturaltraditionsanddifferentculturalvalues,onthenegotiationsissuestendtohaveaconfrontationormisunderstanding.Chinasnationalcharacterhasaveryremarkablephenomenon,thatisSettlesonthefaceorthedignity.atthenegotiatingtable,ifmakeachoicefrom“decent”and“interest”,boththeChinesepeoplewilloftenchooseto“decent.”whydotheChinesepeoplewanttosavefaceatallcosts?BecauseoftheideologicalcoreofChinesecultureisagroupconsciousness.inaccordancewiththesensethateachoneisnotaseparateperson,butlivinginacertainsocialrelations,andnofacewillnotthefaceofothers,thereisnofaceonthepeopleandwillnotbeabletoliveinthesocialandgrouplife,andmayevenbeabandonedbysocietyandthegroups.Butnotlikewesterners,theyvaluetheinterestsofnegotiations,theywillnothesitatetochooseinterestfrom“decent”and“interest”ofthetwo.Chinesepeopleregardingnegotiationsresultwhethercanbringhonorfortheirface,looksextremelyimportant,aswellassomewesternnegotiatorsintheirworkscautionedChinainthetalks,wemustnotethatuseofChinasnationalcharacter.itisclearthatonlyacorrectunderstandingandproperlygrasptheexistenceofChineseandwesterndifferencesinnationalcharacter,caneffectivelyhelpusinatimelymannertocorrectourownshortcomingsandstrengthenourownadvantagesanduseofothersshortcomingstocollapseofothersstrengths.
theconceptofcollective
Chinasconceptofcollectiveastrongeremphasisoncollectiveresponsibility,thereforethenegotiationspatternbasicallyisthecollective,buttomakethefinaldecisionsareadecisiveone,andeventhedecisiveonesimplyhasnotenteredthestage.thisisknownastheculturalexpertsof“highfromtherighttoculture”,intheeventofdifficultissuesmorecomplicated,thenegotiatorsonthedifficultdecisions;andthewesterncultureofJuristswhichwasreferredtoas“lowfromtherighttoculture”,onthesurfaceisoneortwopeopleout,negotiatorshavebeengiventheappropriatepermissions,orassistedinitsdecision-makingthink-tank,whichinthenegotiations,thesoleresponsibilityofthenegotiationswereheavier,higherandmoreflexible.
theconceptoftime
Conceptoftimeandhowitdecidedthepeoplesactionplanforinternationalbusinessnegotiationshasabroadimpactoftheinvisible.thedailynegotiationsbehaviormanifestsobservesthedifferenceaspectoftimemaybeisthemostobviousresultsoftheperformance.Jewishbusinessmenattachedgreatimportanceoftime.theyalwaysbelievethattimeisnotmoney,timeandgoods,isthecapitaltomakemoney.moneycanborrow,buttimecannotbeborrowed,thetimeismorevaluablethanmoney.awealthyJewishincomeof200,000USdollarsmonthlyhavebeenconsideredsuchanaccount:hisdailywageis81000dollars,thenabout17.dollarsperminute.ifhehadbeendisturbedandwaste5minutes,thenistheequivalentofstolen85.dollarsincash.StrongconceptoftimeimprovedtheefficiencyoftheJews,theyareoftenatworkinsecondsandeverysecondcounts.ontheJewishpeople,neverappearleaveearly,late,ortostallfortimeandsoon.inthebusinessactivitiesoftheJews“Uninvitedguest”isalmostasthesameasthe“unwelcomeperson”,becauseuninvitedguestswilldisruptthetimingoftheoriginal,andwasteeverybodystime.ForthetimeextremelymeanoftheJewish,inthetimetodiscusstheconceptoftimeisstronger.BeforeJewsinthenegotiations,thetimemusthavebeenagreement.theyagreednotonlyinacertainperiodofaday,butalsoappointment“fromthestartingpointstoafewminutestotalkabout.”Duringthemeeting,inadditiontopolitegreetingsoutside,theJewsimmediatelytodiscussbusiness,thisishavegoodmannersandgoodperformance,atthesametimethatmeanrespectofeachother.
3.howtodealwiththeculturaldifferencesoninternationalbusinessnegotiations
onlyrecognizeandaccommodateculturaldifferencescantakethewholeprocessofnegotiationsinresponsetocountermeasures,includingbeforethenegotiationsthatmayariseculturaldifferences,correctlyhandletheculturaldifferencesonnegotiations,doagoodjoboffollow-upfortheexchangeofculturaldifferencesafternegotiations.
beforethenegotiationstounderstandtheculturaldifferencesthatmayarise
itisessentialtounderstandculturaldifferencesbeforenegotiations.preparatoryworkfornegotiationsinclude:thebackgroundofnegotiationsandassessmentofthesituation,toverifythefactthenegotiationprocess,theagenda,thebeststrategyoptionsandconcessions.thebackgroundofthenegotiationsalsoincludethelocation,sitelayout,bargainingunit,theSenateonthenumberoflisteners,thechannelsofcommunicationandthetimelimitofnegotiations.allthesepreparationsmustbetakenintoaccountpossibleofculturaldifferences.Forexample,thevenuelayoutofculturaldifferencesmayhaveaslightlyaffectedofthecooperation.inthecultureofheavierhierarchy,iftheroomarrangementimproper,morecasually,itcouldleadtoanxietyandevenangeroftheotherside.
inaddition,negotiationsstylesareduetoculturedifferences.americanculturetendtoworktogether“tofinalizeanagreement”;andJapaneseculturelikestotalkwitheveryoneseparately,ifeveryoneagrees,thenarrangesabroaderscopediscussion;theRussianpeoplelikeatotalapproach,andonetotalkabouttosettleanagreement,andthenthefrontofthetwopartiesinviteathirdparty,socontinue.
timelimitforthecontrolofthenegotiationsisalsoveryimportant.Differentcultureshavedifferentconceptsoftime.Suchasnorthamerica,theconceptoftimeisastrongculture,foramericans,timeismoney.thecultureofthemiddleeastandLatinamericawasrelativelyweakconceptoftime,intheirview,timeshouldbeenjoyed.thus,ininternationalbusinessnegotiations,theconceptoftimedifferencesshouldbeprepared.
correcthandlingofculturaldifferencesinthenegotiations
Firstofall,thechoiceoflanguageanduseinthenegotiations,forthewesterncountries,wemusttaketheexchange-orientedapproach,assimpleclearaspossible,andfrankexpressionofhisownideas,notambiguousandvague.Forexample,americanslikeargued,languagehasaconfrontational,drastictone,theythinkthatarguednotonlytherighttoexpresshispersonalviews,butalsoconducivetoproblem-solving,divergentpointsofviewwillnotaffecttheinterpersonalrelationships.intheorientalculture,inordertopreservethefacesidesofothers,thefacegroupsorotherpeoplesface,frequentuseofambiguousandindirectlanguage.eveniftheydisagreewithothersviews,itsraretoberejectedorrefuteddirectly,butrathertortuousstatementofhisviews,ortoshowembarrassment.thevaluesof“Harmony”istheChinesepeopletocreateanatmosphereofharmonyasanimportantmeansofnegotiations,inthenegotiatingprocess,theytrytoavoidfriction,andfriendshipfirst,theypursuedbyapermanentlong-termfriendshipandcooperation.
Secondly,themethodinthenegotiations,totheUnitedStatesasanexample,asaresultoftheorientalmodeofthinkingistheoverallorientation,theiruseinthenegotiationsisthatfromtheoveralltolocal,descendingfromgeneraltospecific,thatis,firstreachaconsensusofgeneralprinciples,andthenusethistoguidespecificprogramstosolvetheproblem.theydonothaveanobvioussequenceofpoints,usuallyuntiltheendofthenegotiations,allissueswillbemadeinconcessionsandcommitmentsinordertoreachanagreement.Duetotheimpactmodeofthinking,westernersanalysisthemostimportantthingsintheirlogicalrelationshipbetweenthere-specificthanthewhole,atthebeginningofnegotiations,theyhurrytotalkaboutthespecificterms.therefore,weoftenresolvetheprice,delivery,warrantiesandservicecontractsandotherissuesattimes,solveeachproblem,thereareconcessionsandcommitmentsfromstarttofinish,thefinalagreementisthesumofaseriessmallagreements.
todoagoodjoboffollow-upfortheexchangeofculturaldifferencesafternegotiations
Relatedtocontractmanagementandfollow-uptotheexchangeofmanagementbehaviorafternegotiations,firstascontract,inwhichtherelationshipbetweenpeople-orientedcountriessuchasChina,toresolvetheirdisputesoftendonotrelysolelyonthelegalsystem,andoftenrelyonthetwosidesrelations.inthesecultures,awrittencontractisveryshort,itmainlyusedtodescribetherespectiveresponsibilitiesofbusinesspartners.westerncountriessuchastheamericanculture,theygenerallywillregardthecontractsigningceremonyasnotonlyawasteoftimebutalsoawasteofmoney,sothecontractisoftensignedbysendmail.exchangeonthefollow-up,theamericanculturalemphasisonthe“distinctionbetweenpeopleandthings”,sotheydidnotpayattentiontofollow-upexchanges.orientalcultureincountriessuchasJapan,keepthemajorityofthefollow-upofforeignexchangecustomersasinternationalbusinesswasanimportantpartofthenegotiations.theysignedthecontractafteralongtime,theywillalsocarryoutasletters,pictures,andexchangevisits.
theaboveanalysisoftheculturaldifferencesandtheirimpactoninternationalbusinessnegotiations,anybusinessmenengagedincross-culturalactivitiesshouldbehighlypriority.aculturaldifferenceisanobjectivereality,theattitudeofindividualsorgroupstendtodeterminetheroleofculturaldifferences,itcanexaggeratetheculturaldifferencesandalsoreducethebarrierwhichcausestheculturaldifferencetothelowestpoint.peopleincross-culturalbusinessnegotiations,ifabletoovercomeculturalbarriers,tounderstand,doastheRomansdo,learningtostandonotherpeoplespointtothink,thatwecanpromotemutualunderstandingandworktogethertoadaptthetwosidesandcreateaneconomicandculturalenvironment,sothatwecansuccess.
4.References
[1]CaoLingeditor:“Businessenglishnegotiations,”ForeignLanguageteachingandResearchpress,
[2]XieXiaoyingeditor:“Businessenglishnegotiations”,ChinaBusinesspress,
[3]QiuGejia,YangGuojuneditor:“win-winnegotiationsofmodernbusinessenglish”,ChinainternationalRadiopress,
[4]wengFengxiangedited:“anintroductiontointernationalBusiness”,tsinghuaUniversitypress/BeijingJiaotongUniversitypress,2006
[5]williamHamptonwith:“Jewishbusinessmeninbusinessstart-upexperienceandwisdom,”translatedZhengping,HarbinpublishingHouse,
论文格式标准范文带英文第5篇
1、作文卷面要保持整洁，不要连笔，不要涂改，这是获取印象分的重点。很多考生由于在考场过于紧张导致作文的单词老是写错，这是致命伤啊，会直接让你越写越没感觉就越没信心了，所以平常要加强练笔！
2、全文的第一句和各段的第一句必须是文章的中心句，最好能用复杂句表达。这是因为阅卷老师一般没有那么多的时间去看作文，所以只能大概浏览下各段的首句，这是获得高分的关键。
3、全文结构布局：全文分为三段，第一段3句，第二段5句，第三段4句，可根据具体情况调整。段落中，第一句是topic，第二三句是detail，第三句是conclusion。
abram,m.H.“englishRomanticism:theSpiritoftheage.”
RomanticismReconsidered.ed.northropFrye.new
York:ColumbiaUp,.
被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。
论文格式标准范文带英文第6篇
acknowledgements:
iwouldliketoexpressmysincereanddeepgratitudetomysupervisor,professorSunJisheng,forherinspiringinstructions,earnestencouragementandgreatpatienceshehasofferedtome.iwasespeciallytouchedandencouragedtohaveherdetailedcommentsandsuggestionswhenrevisingthethesis.what'smore,ilearnedfromherthespiritofrigorousscholarshipinmycontactwithherinthepastseveralmonths.
withouthersupervisionandinstruction,iwouldnothavebeenabletocompletethisthesis.
iwouldalsoliketoextendmygratitudetotheotherprofessorsofChinaForeignaffairsUniversityduringmytwo-yearpostgraduatestudythere.theirinstructivelectureshaveprovidedmewithanenjoyableandprofitablelearningexperienceatCFaU,whichhasgreatlyimprovedmyacademicinterestandability.
ialsoowemygratitudetomycolleaguesintheministryofForeignaffairswhereiwork.mygratitudealsogoestomydepartmentforthesupporttothislearningjourney.
myheartfeltthanksalsogotomywifeandmydaughter,whohavealwayssupportedmeduringmypostgraduatelearning,preparationfornationalqualificationexamsandthisthesiswriting.theirloveandsmileeverydayarethemostvaluablethingstomeonthisjourney.
acknowledgements:
ittakesmeawholeyeartofinishthispaper,andtheprocessisdefinitelynoteasy.
Fortunately,mysupervisor,professorZhangLei,keepsgivingmevaluableinstructionandencouragementwithhergreatpatienceandcarefulness.eachtimeisentheradraftofmypaper,shewouldnotonlycheckitsoverallstructureandlogicclosely,butalsocorrectalltheerrorswordbyword,whichhelpedmetoimprovemypapersteadilyandmademefeelmoreconfidentdaybyday.withoutherguidance,thispapercanneverbefinishedintime.andbesidesthepaperitself,professorZhangalsogavemeusefuladviceonhowtoapproachthefieldofinternationalrelationswhichwillbequiteconducivetomyfurtherstudy.therefore,iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoprofessorZhangLeiforherkindhelp.
ialsowanttothankallmyenglishteachersatChinaForeignaffairsUniversity.
Duringmytwoyears'studyoncampus,theygavemeprofessionalandpatientinstructiononenglishlearning,whichprovedtobeanecessarybasisforthewritingofthispaper.
acknowledgement:
thisthesiswouldneverhavematerializedwithoutthehelpandsupportfrommanyparties.
Firstandforemost,iwishtoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorinChinaForeignaffairsUniversity,professorLvHui,forhisinvaluableinstruction,incessantinspirationandconstantencouragement.Shehasspentalotoftimereadingandcorrectingmythesis.withoutheracademicguidance,icouldnothaveaccomplishedthisthesis.Herenergyandpassionforknowledgeandeducationhavehadsuchagreatinfluenceonmethatiamsuretheyalwaysremainabeaconinmyfuturecareer.
iamalsoindebtedtoallmyteachersintheenglishDepartmentofChinaForeignaffairsUniversity,especiallytoprofessorZhangXiaoLi,ms.ShiYi,ms.meiQiong,professorSunJisheng,professorwangYan,professorSongaiqunandprofessorHeQunforeverythingihavelearnedfromthemduringthetimeatthisuniversity.
iwouldliketoexpressmythankstomyfriendsLiuYingandJinXiaoQingfortheirsinceresupport.
inaddition,iwishtosaythankstomyfamilyandrelatives,especiallymyelderbrotherLiuwenFeng,whogavemealotofusefulinformationforme.
intheend,i'mgratefultomymother.withoutherhelpandencouragement,iwouldneverhavefinishedthisthesisontime.
acknowledgements:
thisthesiswouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutconstructiveadviceandhelpfrommanypersons.
Firstandforemost,iwishtoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorinChinaForeignaffairsUniversity,professorRanJijun,forhisgreatadviceandguidanceonthecontentandformatofthisthesis,whichiscriticalforrevision.
withouthisacademicguidance,icouldnothaveaccomplishedthisthesis.
iwouldliketoexpressmyappreciationtoallmyteachersintheenglishDepartmentofChinaForeignaffairsUniversity,especiallytoprofessorHeYinghong,professorGuoLiqiu,professorSunJisheng,professorZhangLei,professorSongaiqun,professorweiLameiandprofessorHeQunforeverythingihavelearnedfromthemduringthetwoyearsatthisuniversity.
also,theemotionalsupportfrommyparentsandmyhusbandisnolessimportantthantheacademicassistance.
intheend,iwouldliketoexpressmythankstomycolleagueswhohelpedcollectusefulreferencebooksandmaterialsforme.
acknowledgementsthisthesiswouldneverhavematerializedwithoutthehelpandsupportfrommanyparties.
First,i'dliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorinChinaForeignaffairsUniversity,professorZhangXiaoli,whogavemealotofusefulandconstructiveadviceonmythesis.withhisprofessionalandacademicknowledge,hetaughtmehowtodoresearch,howtorevisethethesis.wheneverisenthimane-mailconcerningmythesis,herepliedsoon.Hespentalotoftimereadingandcorrectingmythesis.onlyunderhisguidanceandencouragementcouldifinishthisthesis.
iamalsoindebtedtoallmyteachersintheenglishDepartmentofChinaForeignaffairsUniversity.asateachermyself,ilearnedalotaboutinterpretation,translation,cultureandteachingmethodsfromthem,whichishelpfultomyjob.
iwishtoexpressmythankstomyleader,deanoftheDepartmentofappliedLinguistics,CapitalmedicalUniversity.Sheencouragedmeconstantlytofinishthestudy.
atlast,iwanttothankmyhusbandandotherfamilymembersandrelatives,whoshowedtheirconcernandsupportwhenipursuedmystudy.
论文格式标准范文带英文第7篇
iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhohelpedmeduringthewritingofthisthesis.igratefullyacknowledgethehelpofmysupervisor,ms.SunYanlan,whohasofferedmevaluablesuggestionsintheacademicstudies.inthepreparationofthethesis，shehasspentmuchtimereadingthrougheachdraftandprovidedmewithinspiringadvice.withoutherpatientinstruction,insightfulcriticismandexpertguidance,thepletionofthisthesiswouldnothavebeenpossible.
ialsooweaspecialdebtofgratitudetoalltheprofessorsinForeignLanguagesinstitute,fromwhosedevotedteachingandenlighteninglecturesihavebenefitedalotandacademicallypreparedforthethesis.
ishouldfinallyliketoexpressmygratitudetomybelovedparentswhohavealwaysbeen.
1.简短毕业论文致谢词
论文格式标准范文带英文第8篇
1.议论文的类型
英语议论文根据命题特点，从形式上来看可分为如下类型:
①“一分为二”的观点。如“轿车大量进入家庭后，对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响”
②“两者选一”的'观点。如，期中考试作文题，“乘火车还是乘飞机”
③“我认为……”型。如“你对课外阅读的看法”
④“怎样……（howto）”型。如“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难”。
⑤图表作文。通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法。
按照高二上学期的写作要求，学生主要应掌握①②两种类型的议论文的写作。在第①种类型中命题涉及某一事物或现象的正反两个方面：通过正反两个方面的对比，得出结论是利大于弊，还是弊大于利。论证要围绕所要得出的结论来展开，若利大于弊，则有利的一面要多阐述一点。反之亦然。
在第②种类型中，命题要求在a或b两者之间作一比较或选择，两个对象往往各有优势，所以结论部分有两种情况：
a.要么支持a，要么支持b;
b.a、b优势均难的割舍，只好依情况而定在结论部分说清楚在什么条件选a,在什么条件选b。
下面重点介绍第①、②种类型议论文的写作模式.
2.“一分为二”观点的议论文模式
whatislifeabout?wepushveryhardeverydaytomakemoremoney,togainpowerandrecognition.
weneglectourhealth,timewithourfamilyandtoappreciatethesurroundingbeautyandthehobbieswelovetodo.onedaywhenwelookback,wewillrealizethatwedon‘treallyneedthatmuch,butthenwecannotturnbacktimeforwhatwehavemissed.
Lifeisnotaboutmakingmoney,acquiringpowerorrecognition.Lifeisdefinitelynotaboutwork!workisonlynecessarytokeepuslivingsoastoenjoythebeautyandpleasuresoflife.
Lifeisabalanceofworkandplay,familyandpersonaltime.Youhavetodecidehowyouwanttobalanceyouryourpriorities,realizewhatyouareabletocompromisebutalwaysletsomeofyourdecisionsbebasedonyourinstincts.
Happinessisthemeaningandthepurposeoflife,thewholeaimofhumanexistence.So,takeiteasy,dowhatyouwanttodoandappreciatenature.Lifeisfragile.Lifeisshort.Donottakelifeforgranted.Liveabalancedlifestyleandenjoylife!
Behindeverygreatachievementinanyone'slifeliesperseverance.weseethisineveryhumanendeavour.outstandingsportsmenspendalltheirtimepractising.theirenduranceisbeyondimagination.thesameistrueofbusinessmenwhobuildupfortunes.whatweusuallyseearetheirachievements,butoncewegobehindthesceneswewillfindthattheyhaveputinalotofcontinualsteadyefforts.weallhavereadofgreatmusicians,writersandinventorswhohavecreatedordiscoveredbreakthroughsinhumanachievement.invariablytheyhavesaidthattheyowealltheirsuccesstoperseverance.astocollegestudents,quiteabignumberofthen,havebecomesuccessfullanguagelearnersthroughperseverance,however,acertaingroupofthen,juststophalfwayandtheirpreviouseffortsturnouttobefruitless.
ofallthecountlessexamplesthesagaofColonelSaundersisperhapsoneofthemostoutstanding.the65-year-oldmanfromKentuckyhadadreamtostartachainoffriedchickenrestaurantsallovertheworld.torealizehisdream,heknewthatheneededarestaurantownertogointopartnershipwithhimtoopenthefirstrestaurantandtofrychickenaccordingtothesecretrecipehehad.ColonelSaundershadknockedon1008doorsbeforehefinallyfoundhispartner.itisdoubtfulwhethermanyofuswouldhavehadtheperseverancetoknockevenahundreddoors.
Fromtheabovediscussionwecandrawaconclusionthatsuccesscomestoanyonewhokeepsworkingperseveringlyandlackofperseverancecanonlyresultinfrustrationandfailure.
论文格式标准范文带英文第9篇
1.正反观点式议论文模板
导入：
第1段：Recentlywe’vehadadiscussionaboutwhetherweshould...（导入话题）
ouropinionsaredividedonthistopic.（观点有分歧）
正文：
第2段：mostofthestudentsareinfavourofit.（正方观点）
Herearethereasons.First...Second...Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)
第3段：However,theothersarestronglyagainstit.（反方观点）
theirreasonsareasfollows.inthefirstplace...what’smore...inaddition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)
结论：
第4段：personallyspeaking,theadvantagesoverweighthedisadvantages,foritwilldousmoreharmthangood,soisupportit.（个人观点）オ
2.“a或者B”类议论文模板：
导入：
第1段：SomepeopleholdtheopinionthataissuperiortoBinmanyways.others,however,arguethatBismuchbetter.personally,iwouldpreferabecauseithinkahasmoreadvantages.
正文：
第2段：therearemanyreasonswhyiprefera.themainreasonisthat...anotherreasonisthat...(赞同a的原因)
第3段:ofcourse,Balsohasadvantagestosomeextent...(列出1~2个B的优势)
结论：
第4段:Butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,aismuchbetterthanB.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthat...(得出结论)オ
3.观点论述类议论文模板：
导入：
第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
asastudent,iamstronglyinfavourofthedecision.（亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对）
thereasonsforthismaybelistedasfollows.（过渡句，承上启下）
正文：
第2段：Firstofall...Secondly...Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)
结论：
第3段：inconclusion,ibelievethat...（照应第1段，构成xxx总—分—总xxx结构）
toxxx类议论文模板：
导入：
第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文：
第2段：manywayscanhelptosolvethisseriousproblem,butthefollowingmaybemosteffective.Firstofall...anotherwaytosolvetheproblemis...Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)
结论：
第3段：thesearenotthebestbuttheonlytwo/threemeasureswecantake.Butitshouldbenotedthatweshouldtakeactionto...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)
论文格式标准范文带英文第10篇
英文论文字体格式
相信很多同学都会接触到英文论文，那么英文论文的文章字体用多大合适呢?字体格式有什么要求?让我们就来给大家简单科普一下吧!
英文论文字体格式
一、论文的题目要求
1、论文题目以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合，并有助于选定关键词和编制目录
2、论文题目不能用缩略词、首字母缩略词、字符、代号和公式等
3、论文题目一般不超过20个字
4、论文题目语义未尽可用副标题补充说明
二、论文摘要的要求
应具有独立性和自含性，是一篇完整的短文，它说明论文的主要思想、结构框架，或研究工作的`目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论
三、论文的关键词
每篇论文必须选中3--5个中、英文关键词，以显著的字符另起一行，排在其对应摘要的左下方，中文关键词尽可能用《汉语主题词表》等词表提到的规范词
四、论文的字体及字号格式
1、英文统一使用microsoftword软件中的timesnewRoman字体，所用中文使用“宋体”字体
2、内封大标题使用“粗体三号字”，内封其他信息使用“粗体四号字”
3、正文大标题使用“粗体小三号字”，章节标题使用“粗体四号字”
4、正文使用字体为timesnewRoma，大小为12font(也就是小四)“小四号字”，正文中成段的引文使用“五号字”
5、行距为或2倍行距，段与段之间需要空一行
6、对齐方式为左对齐或者两侧对齐(总之，左起必须顶格)
7、Reference(参考文献)必须另起一页，且不计入文章字数
相关阅读
英文论文范文
implicationofCulturalDifferencesoninternationalBusinessnegotiations
abstract
Businessnegotiationsunderdifferentculturalconditionsareculturalnegotiations.withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalizationandfrequentbusinesscontacts,culturaldifferenceshave
becomeveryimportant.iftheyareneglected,theycouldcauseunnecessarymisunderstanding,orevenunderminetheresultofbusinessnegations.therefore,itisofgreatsignificancetoknowdifferentculturesofdifferentcountriesaswellaswaystoavoidculturalconflictsinthecontextofinternationalbusinessnegotiations.thepaperbeginswiththedefinitionofculture,analyzesthecausesofculturaldifferencesandexplainstheimpactofculturaldifferencesoninternationalbusinessnegotiationsfromthreeperspectivesofcommunicationprocess,negotiationstyleandvaluesconcept.Finally,itanalyzeseffectivewaystodealwiththeproblemarisingfromculturaldifferencesinthenegotiationprocess.thepaperstressesthatinbusinessnegotiationsbetweendifferentcountriesnegotiatorsshouldaccepttheotherparty'sculture,trytomakehimbeacceptedandmakeacorrectevaluationwithhelpofeffectivecommunications.inaword,forsuccessfulculturalnegotiations,culturaldifferencesneedtobeperceived,acceptedandmostimportantlyplayeddown.
Keywords:cultureculturaldifferencebusinessnegotiationimpact
Contents
1.Culturaldifference…….………..……...…………………………...…......4
thedefinitionofculture……………………………………..............….....4
thecausesofculturaldifferences……………………………..………......4
Geographicaldifferences………………………..………………....….....4
ethnicdifferences…………………………..………………....................4
politicaldifferences…………………………..………….………….…...4
economicdifferences…………………………………..….……….…....4
Religiousdifferences……………………………………..………….......4
theconceptofdifference…………………………………...……….......5
importanceofinternationalbusinessnegotiationsonCulturaldifferences…………………………………………………………….…..5
2.Culturaldifferencesontheimpactofinternationalbusinessnegotiations…………………………………………………..………...........5
Communicationprocess……………………………...…...……...…....…..5
negotiatingstyle…………………...…..……..……………...……….…...8
Values………………...…………....….……..…………………….......…..8
ethics………………………………………..……..………………...…..8
Sense………………………..……………………………..……….…....8
ConceptofCollective…………………………………………………....8
Conceptoftime……………………………………………………….....8
3.Howtodealwithinternationalbusinessnegotiationsandculturaldifferences……………………..…………………………………………........9
论文格式标准范文带英文第11篇
行间距的距离，对英语单词的距离要把握好，每个单词要留有一个单词的间隔，在句子和句子之间要留有两个字母间隔。
作文题目的写法，在第一行中间写题目，题目左右两侧空白处大致相同。
题首字首字母必须大写。每一个实义词的首字母大写，从第二个单词开始通常是小写。
英语写作技能：
要学会构思不要着急下笔，仔细地思考问题。
认真阅读题目所需要的内容。构思一幅图画，确定一篇文章的中心思想，不能匆忙下笔，要看懂题意、依据、图表、提纲或短文所提供的资料和信息。
言语清晰，表达准确。
不要说汉语式英语，尽量用熟悉的句型。多个句型可以交替使用，避免重复和生硬。
不会表达的词语换个角度。
若碰到个别观点无法表达或表达困难，可采取改变的办法，化难为易，化繁为简。总而言之，所写的句子应该正确、恰当，符合英语表达的习惯。如果英语不能表达汉语词义，那么可以考虑几个类似于该汉语词汇意义的词。延伸你的思想，然后从英语中找出与其意义相近的替代词。
“巧妇难为无米之炊”，初中阶段学习的语法尚比较简单，学生的英语水平或者说考试成绩的高低更多的是决定于词汇量的大小。在日常的单词学习中，学生总是孤立地将单词的拼写和词义对应起来背诵，十分生硬，记忆难度大且容易遗忘。实践证明，通过记忆整个句子来记忆单词的作用及用法的策略效率更高，记忆也比较长久，而英语歌词不仅简短押韵朗朗上口，还配有悦耳的曲调，边听边记，心情也会变好。可见，听英文歌曲对于学生在短期内高效记忆英语单词具有重要作用。比如“Get”这一高频词，其作用很多(有“得到、变得、使得”等)，用法也很灵活：，单纯通过讲解学生很难分清其在各个语境中的用法。但是放到句子中去理解就容易得多。如在Blue的《GetDown》这首歌中，就使用了“Get”的多种用法：“ifyouwannagetdownwithme”中应译为“变得”，整句意为“和我一起”;在“beforeyougetthewrongimpressiononyourmind”中为“得到”之意;在“wecangetbackwhatwehadyoucannotdenyit”中意为“使得”。整句的记忆更给学生留下比较深刻的理解，而多个用法集中出现又有了比较的对象，这样的学一首歌就能记得3个意思，效率很高。而通常整首歌中都会出现个别生词，所以学生也渐渐加深了对这些单词的印象，增大了词汇量。
manypeoplebelievethatatestofspokenenglishisnecessaryforstudents,butothersdon'tagree.Somestudentsmightthinktheywillnotneedtospeakenglishinthefuture.idon'tagreewiththesestudents,havingatestofspokenenglishisnecessary.thereasonsareasfollows.
Firstly,moststudentsmightgoabroadiftheyhaveachance.therefore,onlyspeakingenglishverywellcantheycommunicatewithforeigners.Secondly,itiscommonthatapersonisgoodatwrittenenglishbutspokenenglishisbad.theywilloftenpractisespokenenglishiftheyhavesometestsaboutit.thirdly,youneedtocommunicatewithforeigncustomerswhenyouenterabigcompanyinthefuture.
asfarasiamconcerned,itisimportantforustohaveatestofspokenenglish.itcanhelpustoimproveourenglish.
thereisanoldsayingthattwoheadsarebetterthanone,whichsuggeststhatthemajority’scollectivewisdomalwaysdwarfsthatoftheminority,letaloneanyindividual.therearepeoplewhobelievethatforasocietytocoheretheremustbeastrongconsensusaswellasunityanddiscipline.thereforewemustnotoveremphasizetheimportanceofcriticalthinkingwhichisaboundtoresultinconfusionandquarrels.
Butidon’tagreewiththis.First,ihavenorespectformajority’swisdom.ibelievethatmostpeopledonotusuallyusetheirheads,theyarealsolackofcreativity,andthereforeareignorantandprejudicedandoftenbecomemobsandstampedeeasily.Second,anyonewhohasthecreativitywillhaveanimportantimpactonoursociety.Buttheirwisdomisusuallydifferentfromthemajority’s.
inaword,everythinghastwosides.what’smoreimportantisthattolearnknowledgefromdifferentkindsofwisdomandtoimproveourability.
ourworldwouldbealotbettertodayiftheworldpowersdevotedhalfasmuchmoneyandeffortsquanderedinspaceprogramstothemostneededplaces.thespaceraceisahugewasteofmoney.
asthemostcuriousbeingintheworld,manisalwayskeenonexploration.withtheearthhavingbeenfullyexplored,thenextlogicaltargetformanisdefinitelythespace.
Severalcountriesnowareengagedinthespaceexploration,whichisfun,andwhichfiresourimagination.ofcourse,theyarenotdoingitjustforfun,butalsoforseekinganswerstothefollowingprovocativequestions:Howwasaplanetformed?whatistheessenceoflife?arethereanyextraterrestrialbeingsasintelligentasorevenmoreintelligentthanhumankindelsewhereintheuniverse?ifthisisthecase,canwesetupcommunicationwiththem?Canmanfindabetterplanettoliveon?ifso,ismass-emigrationfromtheoverpopulatedearthtosuchaplanetpossible?Foronlyscoresofyearsasspaceprojectshavebeenproceeding,wehavealreadyachievedquiteafewencouragingresults,andhavebenefitedalotfromsuchprograms-crystals,drugsorchemicalsproducedunderzerogravity,satellitecommunications,mannedspacevehiclesandstations,tonamejustafew.
Yet,somelesscuriousandlessambitiouspeopleperceivesuchendeavourinalesspositiveway.theycallspaceexplorationasspacerace,deemingittobeanextensionoftheraceforpoweronearthandapurewasteofmoney.idontwanttocommentonsuchashort-sightedargument,butatleastnooneshouldimposerestrictionsonmansdesireforknowledge.ifspaceresearchhelpsusgainbetterunderstandingoftheworkingmechanismoftheuniverse,ofourearthandofourorigins,thereisnosoundreasonwhyanyoneshouldgoagainstit.
论文格式标准范文带英文第12篇
thechartgivesusanoverallpictureofthe图表主题.thefirstthingwenoticeisthat图表最大特点.thismeansthatas(进一步说明).
wecanseefromthestatisticsgiventhat图表细节一.after动词-ing细节一中的第一个变化，the动词-ed+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化).thefiguresalsotellusthat图表细节二.inthecolumn,wecanseethataccountsfor(进一步描述).
Judgingfromthesefigures,wecandrawtheconclusionthat(结论).thereasonforthis,asfarasiamconcernedisthat(给出原因)./itishightimethatwe(发出倡议).
五、图画类写作模板：
1.开头
Lookatthispicture./thepictureshowsthat.../Fromthispicture,wecansee.../asisshowninthepicture.../asisseeninthepicture...
2.衔接句
asweallknow,.../asisknowntoall,.../itiswellknownthat.../inmyopinion,.../asfarasiamconcerned,.../thissightremindsmeofsomethinginmydailylife.
3.结尾句
inconclusion.../inbrief.../onthewhole.../inshort.../inaword.../Generallyspeaking.../ashasbeenstated...
【摘要】考研英语作文的评分，首先关注的就是单词、句子、格式的正确性。因此，在作文的复习中，不能只关注高端句型，正确的格式也是不容忽视的。
写作格式错误主要包括题目的写法、文章的格式、大小写以及标点符号等四个方面。
论文格式标准范文带英文第13篇
英文论文提纲范文样本【1】
introduction………………………………………………………………1
commonhistoricalbackground……………………………………1
international………………………………………………………1
national…………………………………………………………1
commonbeliefsofbeatsandrockers……………………………2
rebellionagainstconventions……………………………………2
beatsinliterature………………………………………………2
rockersinmusiccircles………………………………………3
ideologiesinbetween……………………………………………4
beatnikswerefedupwiththeirgovernmentabout
theexplanationsofwhythingshappened……………………4
theirsamedestiny……………………………………………4
beatcultureandrockculturewerenotacceptedby
bothcapitalistandsocialistideologies………………………5
beliefinorientalreligion…………………………………………5
beatniksstudyonchinesebuddhism…………………………6
rockersbeliefinindianbuddhism……………………………6
identicallifestyles………………………………………………6
bohemian…………………………………………………………7
beats…………………………………………………………7
rockers………………………………………………………7
madness…………………………………………………………8
thebeatsregardedmodernamericanlifeascruel,selfish,
andimpersonalthatwritersandartistswerebeingdriven
tomadness……………………………………………………8
rockersweremadenoughtodriverocknikscrazyon
rockcircusspot………………………………………………9
self-indulgent……………………………………………………9
drugs…………………………………………………………9
homosexual…………………………………………………10
4.thesameconduct……………………………………………………10
beatsofsatanandangles………………………………………10
rockers'conductofthetwosides………………………………11
conclusion………………………………………………………………13
论文提纲格式【2】
1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。
(短篇论文不必列目录)
3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。
字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。
关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。
每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。
主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。
5、论文正文:
(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。
论文格式标准范文带英文第14篇
英文论文摘要格式
一、英文论文摘要的种类
摘要主要有三种：学术论文摘要，学术会议摘要及由专门摘要撰写者撰写的摘要。
本文主要探讨学术论文英文摘要。本文所选英文摘要例子均引自国内外语类核心期刊，以体现该研究对象的代表性。arbor认为，根据撰写方法的不同，学术论文摘要主要有两种：一种是结果式摘要。这种摘要围绕研究发现结果为中心而撰写，有时会附带写上基于发现结果而得出的结论;另外一种是总结陈述式摘要，即对所撰写论文的总结陈述。
还需要注意的是，这片摘要并没有在研究结果的基础上写出据此得出的结论。选择何种方法撰写摘要，主要根据论文内容所属的研究类型和所采取的研究方法而定。本文认为，一般情况下，采用定量研究方法的论文摘要多为“结果式”;采用定性研究方法的'论文摘要多为“总结陈述式”。
二、英文摘要的结构要素
黄国文将英文摘要的结构要素归纳为六个：主题阐述、背景信息、目的陈述、方法论和语料、研究结果、发现和研究所带来的启示和结论，并指出并非所有的论文摘要都完全包括这六个要素，“事实上，一些成分是必选的，而其他成分是可有可无的”。
Slade也认为,“一篇摘要必须包括简明扼要的主题阐述，主要发现及意义，还有结论”。“摘要中一定要有方法和论文内容的重要词句，这样，此篇摘要才会在电脑中被搜索到，进而让读者决定是否阅读”。所以，在撰写摘要时，要根据具体的论文明确判断哪些要素是摘要必须包括的。
三、英文摘要的语法特点
1.英文摘要语句中主语的语法特点
2.英文摘要的时态特点
时态上，摘要也具有其自身的特点。arbor认为，表示总结的语句通常与一般现在时或现在完成时;表示结果的语句可用过去时。arbor还指出，“现在时态用于表示结果的语句这一情况通常易发生在自然科学领域而少发生在社会科学领域”。“主观用语的使用也易发生在自然科学领域”。
四、英文论文摘要的书写方法
摘要是论文内容的简要陈述，是一篇完整的、可以独立使用的短文，因而必须具有自含性。即：读者即使不阅读论文的全文也可以从摘要中获得必要的、与论文等量的信息，以判断有无必要阅读全文。摘要一般应包括研究题目的选择理由和目的;研究的方法或者过程;研究的发现或者成果。
五、摘要格式
英文主标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文主标题”，或手动设置(timesnewRoman，四号，加粗，居中，段前段后均为0行，单倍行距)。
英文副标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文副标题”，或手动设置(timesnewRoman，小四，加粗，居中，段前行，段后0行，单倍行距)。
英文标题下空一行为英文摘要。英文摘要正文格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“英文摘要正文”或手动设置(timesnewRoman，小四，行距为固定值20磅)。英文摘要后空一行，另起一行列出英文关键词。“Keywords：”格式：首行缩进2字符，timesnewRoman，小四，加粗。“Keywords：”后紧接英文关键词。关键词之间用分号间隔，最后一个末尾不加标点。英文关键词全部小写。英文关键词格式：timesnewRoman，小四，行距为固定值20磅。
论文格式标准范文带英文第15篇
经济发展英文论文
论文是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具，下面我们一起来看看关于经济发展的论文。
一、经济发展新常态基本特征之内在联系
经济增长保持在合理区间赢得了优化结构的时间和空间，是新常态的基础性特征。优化经济结构是梳理自己的家当、理性思考、总结得失、深化改革、创新思路、挖掘潜力、果断决策、千方百计把手里的事情做的更好，从增量扩能为主向存量和增量并重转变，最大限度发挥做强现有优势、不遗余力拓展做大新兴优势，是途径性特征。创新驱动是释放全体人民的热情和创造力，使每个人的聪明才智得以充分迸发、发展成果让每个人普遍享受，经济社会发展量力而为、国计民生大事量入而出、轻重缓急拿捏得当、良性循环健康发展，从而实现居民收入增加、生活水平提高，是目的性特征。新常态的内涵应当是调整、巩固、优化、提高，是稳中求进。新常态不是权宜之计，是一个大体量经济体健康发展应当保持的积极理性的正常状态。稳增长不能妨碍调结构，调结构过程中，不能放弃稳增长。速度、结构、驱动构成的特征之间是你中有我、我中有你、彼此相依的关系，缺项则不完整，不为新常态。面对新常态，至关重要的是全面把握新常态基本特征之间的有机统一、互为条件的关系，真正理解速度、结构、驱动力之间的有机联系，不可偏废、不能割裂、深度融合，在实际工作中切实践行经济发展新常态这一客观科学的论述，唯有如此，才能使这一论述发挥其引领中国经济健康发展的指导作用。
二、适应经济发展新常态贵在共识和主动
中国改革开放的伟大实践留下了鲜明的解放思想、转变观念的印记，回眸每一次历史性的进步，盘点每一个划时代的成就，无一不是思想解放、观念突破所牵引和推动。经济发展新常态的论述标志着中国经济发展理论更趋成熟，是发展理念的深刻变革，是指引科学发展正确道路的里程碑。因此我们只有把思想和行动统一到中央对新常态的认识和判断上来，才能真正解放思想、开动脑筋、开阔新思路，增强加快转变发展方式的自觉性，主动适应、从容有效应对新常态新情况新变化新任务的严峻挑战，也才能开创新局面。适应经济发展新常态是稳中求进。管控速度、稳中求进、科学发展是国家一个时期以来也是今后经济工作的总基调和政策原则。发展速度由高转为中高，不是孤立的指标下调，不是单纯的自减压力。综观国际国内经济起伏，世界政治经济格局的动荡日趋常态化，全球经济发展走势的不确定性明显增加，国内改革进入攻坚期，利益博弈角力加剧、社会矛盾叠加凸显，面对各种矛盾和挑战，保持清醒的头脑，巩固根据地谋取新发展、稳中求进无疑是明智的选择。适应新常态不是经济衰退的无奈，是为了更优更好发展的大智慧。适应经济发展新常态任务任重道远。进入新常态，改革发展任务异常艰巨繁重、工作的难度强度也大大提高，稳中求进稳扎稳打的发展对经济运行的组织和调控提出了更高要求，这种增长方式的转变告别的是简单粗放的发展方式，与之相伴的是结构的如何优化和驱动的怎样创新，需要做大量艰苦细致的工作，追求的是高质量高水平高效益的.发展，智慧系数要求更高、工作内容更复杂、难度更大也更艰苦，面对新常态尤其不能自减压力、掉以轻心、高枕无忧，要切实感受肩上的担子不是轻了，而是更重了。适应经济发展新常态必须发挥主观能动性。正确地认识世界重要，主观能动地改造世界更重要。适应新常态，尤其需要大兴调查研究之风。了解情况要深入实际，解决问题要雷厉风行。要找准优势和不足，分析核心竞争力和边缘产能，做大优质存量，整合淘汰落后产能，培育朝阳产业，发现培育播种培养经济增长点。各项工作不走过场、不推诿、不敷衍、不扯皮、不折腾，积极主动自觉地践行新常态。
三、应对经济发展新常态尤其需要变革与担当
应对经济发展新常态需要担当的勇气和奉献的胸怀。不计成本和后果，以牺牲资源和环境为代价的高速度以及靠拼资源、拼环境、拼投资、拼政策求发展已成过去。经济结构的优化、增长方式的转变需要非同寻常的勇气、能力、智慧、担当，需要科学的态度，运筹帷幄、精雕细刻、仔细把玩手中的、反复琢磨脚下的、付出艰辛、穷尽可能、做到极致，需要时间的检验，甚至是作出名和利的牺牲，蒙受可能的误解。创新驱动更不是瞎指挥、拍脑门，一时冲动、一蹴而就的，创新驱动是一个系统工程，尤其需要发挥科技、文化、教育的整体合力，需要战略眼光、超前思维、谋篇布局，有赖于全民族素质的提升，往往只争朝夕不能立竿见影。因此，以大我之心胸、为民之情怀、广阔之视野，踏下心来扎实工作、殚精竭虑、呕心沥血谋划健康发展、谋划国家未来成为伟大时代应当弘扬的一种非常宝贵的中国精神，社会需要正能量，国家需要脊梁型的精英来谱写奏响中国梦的辉煌乐章。
四、经济发展新常态必然催生中国经济的新跨越
经济发展新常态是科学发展主观能动性与经济规律客观存在、发展阶段必然要求的完美结合、有机统一，是经济形态的自然流露和表达。_关于经济发展新常态的阐述是对经济发展客观规律的正确判断和准确把握，关系到人民的福祉、国家的未来。工农商学兵、东西南北中都应该把思想观念、发展思维统一到新常态上来，把工作重心和发展的着力点发力点放在新常态上。适应新常态、尊重新常态、营造新常态、投身新常态，则国家兴，背离新常态、敷衍科学发展，国家不会有长久的繁荣，人民不会有永久的富庶。道理显而易见，只有认识高度统一，形成共识并转化为全体人民的热情和行动，这一高瞻远瞩的发展理念才能发挥其指明方向的巨大作用、汇聚成不可阻挡的力量。新常态是_对高速增长积极总结反思、审时度势作出的科学判断，催生的必然是中国经济健康发展的必由之路。经济发展新常态的分析和判断为我们绘就了科学发展、实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的宏伟蓝图，只要我们准确把握经济发展新常态，谋事克难、真抓实干，我们就会在实现中国梦的道路上迈出更加坚实的步伐，开辟一个新天地。
论文格式标准范文带英文第16篇
英文论文致谢
acknowledgements:
iwouldliketograntoceansofthankstoallmyrespectedteachersandfriendswhohaveofferedmecordialassistanceduringthetwoandahalfyears.
Firstandforemost,ioweaspecialdebtofgratitudetomyrespectedsupervisorprofessorLiChangbao,forhispatientguidance,insightfulsuggestionsandthroughthewholeprocessofmythesis.withouthisandinvaluablesuggestions,itwouldreallybeadifficulttaskformetocompletethisthesisbymyself.
Specialthanksshouldalsogotoalltheexcellentprofessorswhohavetaughtmeinthisuniversityoverthepasttwoyears,forleadingmeintothefieldofresearchwork,andgivingmetremendousinspiration,courageandconfidenceduringmystudyhere.theirinsightfullectureshavemademystudydelightfulandenjoyable.
Finally,iamalsodeeplyindebtedtoallmyfamilymembersandfriendsfortheirencouragementwhichinspiresmeeverytimewhenihavenomotivationtocontinue.
imustmentionallmyroommates,whogivemeacomfortableatmospheretostudyanddomealotoffavorwhenineedhelp.
acknowledgements:
iwouldliketoextendmydeepgratitudetoallthosewhohaveofferedmealotofhelpandsupportintheprocessofmythesiswriting.
Firstandforemost,mysincerethanksgotoprofessorLiChangbao,mysupervisor,whohasofferedmenumerousvaluablecommentsandsuggestionswithandencouragedmeprofoundlythroughoutmypostgraduatestudy.withouthispainstakingteachingandinsightfuladvice,thecompletionofthisthesiswouldhavebeenimpossible.
also,iowemanythankstoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtmeduringmypreviousstudyinthisuniversity,forleadingmeintoachallengingyetfascinatingfieldofacademicresearch.theprofitthatigainedfromthemwillbeoftomyfutureresearch.
Lastbutnotleast,iamdeeplyindebtedtomyfamilyandfriends,whohavehelpedmeandsharedwithmemyworries,frustrations,andhappiness.
acknowledgements:
thewritingofaphDdissertationisnotaneasytask,especiallyforsomeonewhohasjustbegunheracademicjourney.Duringtheevolutionofthisdissertation.iamdeeplyindebtedtoanumberofpeoplewhohaveguidedandsupportedmeinmanyways.
iwouldliketoexpressmyutmostgratitudetomyresearchsupervisor.professorShenLiforhersincereandselflesssupport,promptandusefuladviceduringmyresearch.Shegivesmealifetimeunforgettablememoryofherbenevolence,patience,intelligence,diligenceanderudition.
mygratitudealsogoestoprofessorChuXiaoquan,QuweiguoandShenYuanoftheDepartmentofenglish,CollegeofForeignLanguagesandLiterature,FudanUniversity.theygavemesubstantialsuggestionsfortherefinementofthisdissertationduringmypre-oraldefense.
iwouldalsoliketothankprofessorZhangChunbaioftheCollegeofForeignLanguages,eastChinanormalUniversity.professorHuangGuowenoftheCollegeofForeignLanguages,ZhongshanUniversityandprofessorwangtongshunoftheCollegeofForeignLanguages,ShanghaiJiaotongUniversity,forcarefulreviewofmydissertationandtheirvaluablecomments.
iwouldliketoextendmyspecialthankstoprofessorwuZhongweiofinternationalCulturalexchangeSchool.FudanUniversity.Beingmysupervisorduringthemastudies,heawakenedmyinterestinSLaandtCSoLinparticular.thesamegratitudealsogoestoprofessorChenLiangminoftheDepartmentofFrench,CollegeofForeignLanguagesandLiterature,FudanUniversity.HeintroducedmetheeleganceoftheFrenchlanguagewhichichoseasmymajorforbachelor'sstudyandiwouldneverforgetwhatihavelearntfromhim.
myspecialthanksalsogotomymentorprofessorShenXiaoxiaoofinternationalCulturalexchangeSchool.FudanUniversity.Heprovidedmetremendousguidanceandsupportformyadministrativeworkasmasterstudents'counselorandbuiltaperfectmodelofateacher,anadvisorandaleader.
iamalsogratefultommeZhangShiyu'LiLin.ShenanyiandHeShijinfortheirspiritualsupportduringmyproject.iamalwaysindebtedtotheencouragementstheygaveme.
Lastlyandmostimportantly.iwouldliketoacknowledgetheendlesssupport,encouragementpatienceandunderstandingofmyfamily.theygavemetheincentivetodothisworkandhaveputupunquestioninglywiththedifficultpersonthatihadbecomeinthelastfewcriticalmonthsoffinalizingthisdissertation.ilovethemforever.
acknowledgements:
Firstandforemost,iwouldliketosendmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorprofessorLiChangbao.withouthisdevotedguidanceduringthewholecoursefromtheselectionofthetopictothefinalmanuscriptandtheeffortshehasmadetorevisethemanuscript,thisthesiswouldnotbewhatitisnow.meanwhile,duringthepasttwoandhalfyears,healsoprovidedmewithvaluablesuggestionsaboutstudyandlifewhichmaybenefitmeinmywholelife.
Hightributeshallalsobepaidtoalltheteacherswhohavetaughtmeduringmygraduatestudy.profoundandintelligent,theyendowedmewithnewinsightstowardsmystudy.amongthoseteachers,iamreallygratefultomr.tengChaoandms.ChenXianghongwhoaresogentleandconsideratetosharewithmetheimportantmaterialsineedwhenwritingthethesis.
Finally,iamindebtedtomyparentsandfriendswhohavealwayssupportedmeandencouragedmeduringthecourseofthethesiswriting.
acknowledgements:
theacconq)lishmentofthisthesisisowingtotheunreservedinstructionandpersistentendeavourfromalotofpeople,towhomiwouldexpressmysinceregratitude,forthisthesiscan'tcomeintobeingwithouttheirjointeffort.
Firstandforemost,mysincerestthanksgotomydistinguishedsupervisor,professorShaoZhihong,whoisalwaysgrantingmeconstantinstruction,andshowingmeanenlightmentwheni'minconfusion.Fromthethesisproposal,structuretothecontent,hehasgivenpreciousinspiration.iamdeeplyencouragedbyhisprofoundknowledge,insightfulteachingandconscientiousmodification.
Secondly,mysincereappreciationalsogoestoallcourseinstructorswhoseexcellentprofessionandgoodvirtuehavepresentedmewithwisdomandintuition.thanksfortheirgeneroussharingwhichhaspreparedmeforthethesis.
Finally,i'dliketoextendmythankstomyparentsandmyfriendswhooftengivemecareandencouragementintheprocessofmystudy.Undertheirlove,icangowithstrongmotivationandpowerandthatnowicanbehere,completingmypostgraduatestudysmoothly.
acknowledgements:
Beforeconcludingthisthesis,iwouldliketotakethepreciousopportunitytoextendmywholeheartedgratitudetoallwhohavebeenhelpingmewithmyaccomplishmentofthispaper.
Firstandforemost,iowemydeepestgratitudetomydistinguishedsupervisor,professorYanJinglan,whoempoweredmewithinspirationandinstruction,guidedmeincollectionofabundantmaterials,andenlightenedmewhileinconfusion.iamdeeplygratefulforthecontinuoussupportthroughoutmypost-graduatestudy,especiallyduringthetimeistudiedatimperialCollegeLondon.withoutherdedicatedassistanceandinsightfiilsupervision,iwouldnothavethecouragetopursueforanothermasterdegreeatimperial,letalonethisthesis.
mysincereappreciationalsogoestomyprestigiousmasterprogrammeteamateastChinaUniversityofScienceandtechonlogy,justtonameafew,professorYuYuguo,professorShaoZhihong,professorwangJianguo,professorYangHuimin,ms.Zhangpan,ms.Linmei,etc.,whosethought-provokinginstructionimpartedprofoundknowledgeandmoralityandwhoaccreditedmetheopportunitytostudyabroadandexperienceintheglobalcontextwithinmypost-graduatestudy.
Lastbutnotleast,iamsogratefialtotheprogrammeteamatimperialCollegeBusinessSchool,whichallowedmegettingaccesstothefacilitiesanddatapolls,representedbymarcomongiello,mBaprogrammeseniordirectorandFrankieGalati,seniorandassociateprofessorSankalpChaturvedi,supportingmewithdirectdataandkeyfactsaboutcoursedesignsthroughpersonalemailsandinterviews.withouttheirkindestassistance,thisstudywouldhavegonenowhere.